China enters 2021 a more influential power and Australia may feel the squeeze

Meanwhile, Canberra's relations with Beijing continue to deteriorate and there's little reason to be optimistic that a sudden, positive turnaround will be seen in 2021.

As competition rather than cooperation has become the dominant frame through which both Beijing and Washington view their bilateral relationship, each is increasingly sensitive to evidence that other countries in the Asia-Pacific region are supporting their opponent.

The fundamental driver of China's hostility towards Australia in 2020 stems from its assessment that Australia's leaders have reneged on earlier commitments to never direct the country's security alliance with the US against China.

Prime Minister Scott Morrison has appealed for Australia and other middle and smaller powers to be granted "greater latitude" in how they manoeuvre between the US and China in the future.

But the University of Sydney's James Curran cautions against unrealistic expectations:

Great powers simply don't dole out strategic space to others.

At the end of 2019, China's GDP stood at US$14.3 trillion. This was two-thirds that of the US GDP of $21.3 trillion.

The fallout from COVID-19 has accelerated the trend in China's favour. The International Monetary Fund's latest growth forecasts suggest China's economy will jump from two-thirds to three-quarters the size of the US by the end of 2021.

And when cost differences are accounted for and the two economies are measured in terms of their respective purchasing power, China's GDP is actually already 10 per cent larger than the US.

According to the Lowy Institute's "Asia Power Index", which tracks power in the economic, military, diplomatic and cultural domains, the US still comes out on top, but its lead over China has been cut in half since 2018. This mainly reflected losses by the US rather than gains by China.

And even before COVID-19 hit, a survey of business, media and civil society leaders in Southeast Asia showed that Beijing was considered vastly more influential than Washington in the region, though this increasing power was viewed with apprehension.

Nearly half said they had little to no confidence in the US as a strategic partner or provider of regional security.

And when asked if the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was forced to align itself with either the US or China, a majority in seven of the 10 ASEAN member countries chose China.

The past year has also delivered dividends for China's leaders domestically, with most citizens giving them high marks for their handling of the public health crisis, despite some initial anger of the government's early attempts to cover up the severity of the pandemic.

This reinforces already high levels of overall trust in the central government.

The contrast with the US in this regard is stark. In May, a cross-country survey revealed that 95 per cent of Chinese respondents had trust in their government, compared with just 48 per cent in the US.

All of these "wins" would naturally provide impetus for China's international behaviour to become more confident and assertive.

But President Xi Jinping's worldview is another factor. In September, Xi exhorted Communist Party cadres to "maintain a fighting spirit and strengthen their ability to struggle". The word "struggle" appeared more than another 50 times in the same speech.

The Lowy Institute's Richard McGregor says this reflects Xi's view that China is in an

existential struggle against an implacable enemy dead-set on destroying China.

China's diplomats had already been primed to embrace a "fighting spirit" in a speech delivered by Foreign Minister Wang Yi last November.

All of this has meant that rather than projecting a self-assured poise, China's international behaviour has frequently veered in the direction of bullying fuelled by insecurity.

Australia has been on the front lines of this treatment - dialogue on the leader and ministerial level has been refused, exports have been targeted and propaganda campaigns have been deployed.

Beijing's intransigence has predictably led to the strengthening of coalitions like the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (comprised of the US, Australia, Japan and India), as well as deeper conversations among Japan, India and Australia about how to build greater resilience into supply chains that are currently heavily exposed to China.

There is some evidence China is beginning to recognise its over-the-top behaviour is counterproductive, at least towards some countries, and make greater use of carrots rather than sticks.

Its "vaccine diplomacy" in Southeast Asia is a case in point.

COVID-19 has hit Indonesia particularly hard, hit with more than 600,000 total cases so far. But just last week, Jakarta received 1.2 million doses of a vaccine manufactured by a Chinese pharmaceutical company, Sinovac.

China is touting this effort a "Health Silk Road", with pledges to provide billions in aid and loans to mostly developing countries to help them recover from the pandemic.

In the case of Australia, however, China is unlikely to put the stick down any time soon.

As Dirk van der Klay, a research fellow at ANU, explains, painting a stark contrast between Southeast Asia and Australia serves the purpose of reminding the region of the benefits of staying in Beijing's good books - as well as the costs of crossing it.

While countries like the US, Britain and France have at least offered Australia some rhetorical support in its China predicament, Australia's most significant Southeast Asian neighbours have been notably quiet.

With China's relative power set to grow further in 2021, Canberra might feel even more uncomfortable. But as former senior Singaporean diplomat, Bilahari Kausikan, remarked in October, Australia is "not in a unique position" as "almost everybody" in the region faces the same challenge of managing relations with China and the US to maximise their economic and security interests.

Australia's unfortunate distinction is that because its relations with China have already sunk to such depths, it has less ability to negotiate a path between the two great powers.

Elevating partnerships with countries like Japan, India and Indonesia offers one way forward, but alongside this needs to be a pragmatic strategy for getting the China relationship at least back on an even keel.

Tokyo, New Delhi and Jakarta have all had serious challenges with Beijing, but their relations never fell to the depths of the current China-Australia tensions. These countries might offer some useful advice here, too.

- James Laurenceson is a director and Professor, Australia-China Relations Institute (ACRI), University of Technology Sydney

- This article was originally published on The Conversation.